Organic chemistry is the branch of chemistry that studies hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
Forms of carbon compounds:
Shapes
Organic or carbon compounds, s, and p are involved in orbital
hybridization. The result is three-way hybridization of Y which is sp3
(in alkanes) - Tetrahedral in form sp2 (in alkenes) - Planar structure SP
(in alkenes) - Linear molecules
Functional group
Functional group: A
functional group is an atom or a group of atoms
joined in a particular way that determines the chemical properties of a
compound. Examples are hydroxyl (—OH), aldehyde radical
(HOCHO), an acid group (—COOH).
Homologous series
A homogeneous series also can be defined as a family of organic
compounds that have an equal functional group, also as chemical
properties, and thus differ from each other in formulas by formula
CH2 units.
Members of the homologous series are often represented by an
equivalent general formula.
Organic Compounds Name
Common Name: Before the IUPAC system of names, organic
compounds were named after the source, for instance, urea was named
because it had been derived from the urine of mammals. The acid was
named because it had been called pharmaceutics from red ants.
(i) Suffix:
There are two types of suffix, primary suffix, secondary suffix.
(a) Initial suffix: It refers to the sequence between carbon atoms.
Organic Chemistry for Class 11-Chemistry-4 Some Basic Principles
and Techniques CBC Note
(b) Secondary suffix: A secondary suffix is used to represent the active
group.
(ii) Preposition:
A preposition may be a part of the name IUPAC which appears before
the word root. Previous
There are two types
(a) Basic Section: For example, the primary pre-cycle work is
performed to differentiate the compounds of the cycle.
(b)Secondary antecedents: Some functional groups are considered as
alternatives and are indicated by secondary antecedents.
Name of compounds consisting of functional groups:
The longest chain of carbon atoms in a functional group is arranged in
such a way that a functional group is attached to carbon atoms with the smallest number in the chain. In the case of polyfunctional
compounds, one of the functional groups is selected as the principal
functional group hence this compound is known as its base. The
selection of the principal functional the group is based on the order of
priority.
Isomerism
When there are two or more compounds that have the same formula
but different molecular formulas and different physical and chemical
properties, this phenomenon is called an isomorphism.
Such compounds are called isomers.
There are two types.
(1) Structural isomerism
(2) The stereotype
(1) Structural osmosis:
Structural isomerism is represented by compounds that have an equal
formula but differ from different structural formulas in the
management of atoms.
(2) Stereoisomerism:
When ischemia is caused by different arrangements of atoms or groups
in space, this phenomenon is called stereoisomerism. Stereoisomers
have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of
atoms in space. Stereotypes come in two forms.
(i) Geometric or Cis Trans Isomerism
(ii) Optical isomerism
Basic Concepts in Organic Reaction Mechanisms
Issue of chemical bonds: A covalent bond can go through fashion in
two ways:
(i) By homolytic fission or homolysis
(ii) By heterolytic fission or heterolysis
Organic chemistry types
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are organic compounds produced from climatic carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen. The ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms
in carbohydrate molecules is 2: 1. Biologists use carbohydrates for
energy sources, structural units, and other purposes. Carbohydrates are
the most important class of organic compounds found in organisms.
Carbohydrates are sorted by what percentage they contain. Common
carbohydrates are called sugars. One unit of sugar can be a
monosaccharide. If two units are joined together, a discharge is
formed. When these small units interact with each other to form
polymers, they form more complex structures. Samples of these large
carbohydrate compounds include starch and chain.
Examples of carbohydrates:
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Sucrose (table sugar)
- Cellulose
Lipids
Lipids are made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Lipids
found in carbohydrates contain better hydrogen than oxygen. The
three major groups of lipids are triglycerides (fats, oils, waxes), steroids,
and phospholipids. Triglycerides contain three fatty acids that were
incorporated into glycerol molecules. Each of the steroids contains 4
carbon rings. Phospholides are similar to triglycerides except that the phosphate group is present in 1 of the carboxylic acid chains.
Lipids are used for signal storage molecules to store energy, build
structures and help cells communicate with each other.
Lipid examples:
- Cholesterol
- Paraffin
- Olive Oil
- Margarine
- Cortisol
Proteins
Proteins contain chains of amino acids called peptides. A protein can
also, be made from a polypeptide chain or it can have a more complex structure where the polypeptide exerts sub the pressure to form a unit.
Proteins contain atoms of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen.
Some proteins contain other atoms, such as sulfur, phosphorus, iron,
copper, or magnesium.
Proteins do many things in cells. They will not help in the construction
of structures, biochemical reactions, immune reactions, package and
transport materials, and replication of genetic material.
Examples of proteins:
- Collagen
- Keratin
- Album
- Hemoglobin
Nucleic acid
A macromolecule can be a type of biological polymer made up of
chains of nucleotide monomers.
Nucleotides, in turn, are formed from nitrogenous bases, sugar
molecules and phosphate groups.
Cells use nucleic acids to encode genetic information.
Examples of nucleic acids:
- DNA
- RNA
Posts
0 Comments
Please avoid spam link